steve66th That's weird it wouldn't initialize an emergency call on your end...
I've read me in in this matter not very long ago, tho i forgot most of it, so correct me someone if i'm wrong.
Very short and probably not 100% accurate because leaving many details out;
To initialize a regular call, your phone and the tower your phone connects to, need to communicate 3 pieces of data; IMSI (identifies a mobile subscriber), ICCID (identifies a SIM card’s chip) and MEID (identifies a mobile device), IMEI-variant for GSM-networks, but based on your post i assume you are from the us and use CDMA network.
To initialize a emergency call, your phone connects to the nearest "supporting" cell tower. There is only 1 piece of data that can be given to the cell tower, which is MEID or IMEI, based on CDMA or GSM network.
At least in the EU, operators are required by law to support emergency calls, and even drop regular calls to give priority to emergency calls, so it's very weird u aren't able to perform an emergency call.
Are u sure your phone's radio can connect to a tower. Did u try it in the same spot, at roughly the same time with sim as u mentioned and without sim?
The part that u can be traced if u make the emergency call, is correct in the sense your phone could be triangulated, but can it identify u? Is yr MEID tied in one way or another to your identity?
Edit: It probably is, since u already connected to a tower once with a sim, i.e. 3 parts of data in once togheter (IMSI, ICCID, MIED)