pit2p
There is the question of what is technically possible and also what is likely happening.
It technically possible for Google apps to use IPC so that they can send data to each other and if any of them has network they could exfiltrate the data.
The same is technically possible with any apps that include a Google library, where the Google library could be performing IPC with Google apps. Its also technically possible that an app developer who dosnt use Google libraries in their app may make an agreement with Google to use IPC to talk to Google apps and exfiltrate their data.
All this is also possible with apps or libraries from developers other than Google. There are other big companies, particularly in the advertising, analytics, marketing or data aggregation industries that make their own apps and / or libraries that other app developers use - Facebook, AppsFlyer, Chartboost etc.
There are various well known examples of IPC. Various apps made by Google or other apps that contain Google libraries will use IPC to talk to Play Services if they want to use services Google offers.
Im not aware of any examples of Google using something like Waze with a network connection to exfiltrate data from eg. Google Keyboard or Photos.
However if it is important to you to reduce the possibility that something like that could happen its best to not give your data to apps where you do not trust the developer.