- Edited
If anyone else is struggling with this problem, I have found another workaround that sometimes helps:
If the prompt for entering the password appears when changing the profile, swipe from left to right (go back) 1-2 times. Then I can usually see the fingerprint prompt and successfully unlock the profile with the fingerprint.
A note: I use Gesture navigation (Settings>System>Gestures>Navigation mode>Gesture navigation) - I can't say whether the workaround also works with "Go back" in 3-button navigation.
It works for me in roughly half of all attempts - unfortunately not a perfect solution, but in my case it saves me entering a long password at least every 2nd attempt.