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This information applies to the stock Pixel OS, GrapheneOS or another AOSP-based OS based on Android 15 QPR2 running on Pixel devices with the latest firmware updates. This issue appears to be specific to the non-Pro Pixel 9 variant as we have no reports of it happening on any other devices with GrapheneOS.
The fingerprint sensor firmware shipped with Android 15 QPR2 has a glitch occurring for certain Pixel 9 (non-Pro) users resulting in the fingerprint sensor not properly resetting itself after being updated. If fingerprint functionality is missing after updating, you can power off the device, wait a few seconds and power it back on to get it working again right away. It will also generally start working again after repeated reboots but you can avoid doing that by powering off completely.
The issue does not appear to occur again after the initial update but rather has something to do with moving to new firmware. It's a one time thing not impacting most people. You can find assorted reports of issues across platforms for the Android 15 QPR2 Beta releases along with the stable release this month. It was not fixed before the stable release despite various reports of it, likely because they couldn't replicate the issue on any device if the reports even got through to their development team at all.
We don't currently know the cause but it seems the sensor is sometimes stuck using old firmware until being fully powered off.