Million thanks for all your helpful advice! The issue is now resolved.
Carlos-Anso Your symptoms is exactly what happens if a carrier, or your configuration, does not support calls over LTE. I would strongly suggest testing with a different Preferred network type than 'LTE only'. Some carriers call this '4G Only'.
I changed the setting to "LTE" from "LTE only" and the issue disappeared. Got a relevant question though, I earlier selected "LTE only" as it was claimed to be the most secure network option according to some online articles/opinions, so how does "LTE" compare in terms of security or attack surface?
de0u You could try:
Power device off, remove SIM card, power on.
Long-press Phone icon, choose "App info", then under "Storage and cache", reset cache and storage.
Power device off, insert SIM card, power on.
Tried and did not fix the issue.
Can you report which build number of GrapheneOS you are running? Also, which cellular carrier? How old is the SIM card?
Build number: 2024110700
SIM card is around half year old.
Last but not least, just want to make a point that there had been no particular change of configuration (other than backdating the device for less than a day and upgrading to android 15) on my end so why the issue occured remained a mystery.