biscuit_tosser_88 Thank you
OfflinePuffin
by deregister, do you mean turn off RCS in Google Messages? I did that.
I ended up getting it working, but I had to completely uninstall play services and Google messages and then redid the setup process from scratch that I outlined in an earlier comment.
Part of me is thinking this happened because I turned off the automatic phone number verification Apps -> Sandboxed Google play -> Google Settings since I thought it wasn't necessary.
After I got RCS working the first time, I thought I could turn it off after getting RCS to work initially. But I guess Google tried to do another phone number verification, it failed, and then RCS stopped working. After redoing everything after reinstalling play services, I received an SMS message saying "Google is verifying the phone# of this device as part of setup. Learn more: [link]"
And then just like that, RCS was enabled again.
If my theory is correct, the only thing that I'm still trying to figure out is why I had to re-install Play Services and messages to get it to do this check since I had already toggled it on earlier with no effect.
I'm also not sure why it needs to be enabled for RCS to work on GrapheneOS, but I never had it toggled on when I was on stock and RCS worked just fine.