GrapheneOS Google Play services uses a significant amount of resources and running 2 instances of it will reduce battery life significantly compared to running 1 instance. GrapheneOS out-of-the-box will have much better battery life and it should still be better if you're comparing a single instance of sandboxed Google Play to the stock OS. This fully explains why you have lower battery life.
This does not explain the lower battery life if he also used the work profile on stock OS, because he would also have 2 running instances of Google Play Services.