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amusement_grievous292 All of them will recognize they are the same device immediately, even if you create a temporary profile for a short time.
Same for install time, which is recorded to the millisecond, of any apps that are in more than one profile, Also a commonly used identifier, can see it mentioned in the Android developer docs thmf links.
Apps have can get information about the device in various ways. It really needs thorough research to work out all the possible ways apps could attain high confidence for a given scenario. For example 'apps in profiles that never run at the same time' to make a useful implementation of 'non linkable profiles'
As mentioned in one of my later post in this prior discussion If you are looking to be able to run the same apps in different profiles on the same device without them being able to work out they are running on the same device achieving that goal is much more realizable by running another OS in a vm or a emulator. Like I said there's currently no great solution. With Googles work on Android Virtualization Framework hopefully GrapheneOS can make it possible for users to run virtual machines before too long.
In the past I have known developers who worked building tracking tech for Android and iOS apps use Limbo on their personal Android devices so they could run apps they really didnt want somehow tied to their real ID. Limbo has been abandoned for some time now. Was no great choice of operating systems to run and performance wasn't great.