Novaliss
When checking a mobile router I saw this security research project Blue Merle https://github.com/srlabs/blue-merle which seems to harden the device.
One of the things they do is also this though
The blue merle software package can be used to conduct an IMEI change upon every SIM card change to provide a new device identity
This seems to address most of the privacy concerns from your links, but that would be illegal in most countries I guess lol
You have other form of carrier location tracking with it, it seems
https://github.com/srlabs/blue-merle/issues/82
When following the link in that report https://an.dywa.ng/carrier-gnss.html
Apple is going now against carrier based location tracking too a little? What GrapheneOS already did by using proxy or disabling it. But I am not technical experienced enough to make correct assumptions about that.
If Blue Merle could use Graphenes proxies for those issues? (Not expecting an answer)
For mobile hotspot, if you are really concerned, if you use a mobile router with a throwaway SIM data plan, just once and then get rid of it - seems very private.
Novaliss Yeah like the user in that picture. I have to read up on it too