I haven't tried another phone yet, but I have an idea, what the root problem might be (in parts at least). Powermanagement. Right now things work, as I can access my routed home network through VPN. Yesterday, when the device was below 10% battery, I had the aforementioned issues. Maybe the network stack goes nuts, when the device is going below a certain battery level.
From now on I'll keep an eye on the battery level in relation to the issues I have.
But "whatsmyip.com" is still telling me my mobile providers IP, not the VPN endpoint one. So default route for non-endpoint traffic is not "fully" set by "allowed ips 0.0.0.0/0 ::/0" directive. For some reason I can still reach my 192.168.x.x network at home through VPN.
Using Termux/TermOne Plus to gather more information is no help, as we have no access to anything.
DeletedUser115 Both settings are active, the "permanent VPN" one and the "blocking connections w/o VPN" one.
other8026 I'll try that!
Thank you guys, for the suggestions so far!
For now I cannot trust the VPN symbol, that angers me the most. That should be fixed by additional "quality control" routines, which is out of GOS's scope I guess.