groove_untie145 What specific types of data can Google Play Services potentially access from other apps in the same profile via IPC?
That's not how it works. Apps that use Google Play can choose to send information to Play, or can choose to request information from Play.
groove_untie145 Are there documented cases of apps using IPC to bypass individual app permissions so let's say something like a nonlocation app getting location data through Google Play Services that has location permission?
With some frequency people are unhappy that an app without Network permission fetches advertisements via Play. Apps without Network permission could send information via Play as well.
groove_untie145 In my current setup (all apps on owner profile), what categories of data could theoretically be accessible to Google Play Services through IPC?
Theoretically, anything and everything that the apps choose.
groove_untie145 Does GrapheneOS completely prevent IPC between apps in different profiles, or are there any system-level IPC channels that cross profile boundaries?
At the moment there is a hole related to the loopback interface that apps could use to collude, if apps in multiple profiles are running at the same time.