kjerehea
"Also please note that this WOULD NOT prevent the leak as presented in the article (through Strava's heatmaps), because the location data originated in the fitness trackers, NOT in phones."
The original article mentions Strava heatmaps and fitness trackers. There are several trackers that can talk to strava directly, and over a dozen BRANDS of wearables whose phone apps can be connected to strava (to upload segments automatically).
Many of these devices support GPS natively.
If "Location access" was disabled then no app would be given access to the location, so the fitness app would have nothing to report. If the fitness tracker was GPS enabled then yes, this would of course be a leak.
Now, let me reiterate my original point, because I think it didn't come across previously.
Trackers that have their own GPS receivers do not rely on the location data on phones to record activities/segments.
If you ever tried to run couple of km with a phone in your pocket vs a watch/tracker on your wrist, you may guess which one is more comfortable. And if in this situation you'd like your activities to be accurately recorded, you'd have a tracker with GPS.
Which doesn't need phone's location services to accurately record the location which may be then uploaded to strava.
Which means that such phone would leak the location/activities anyway. Even if it was off in the base. Wearables will just synchronise later.
Edit: yes, it's possible someone was running with their phone. Maybe many people. But it's not something I'd call the default. And definitely no one would be using their phones to record runs accurately but with the location services off. If you're after tracking steps and not length of the run, just use 30g £10 device from Aliexpress.