Hey, update: it was my uni's fault. The admins replied that they are aware of the issue specifically with Pixels, and told me that it's because of an old version of TLS used in the handshake. I suppose other manufacturers allow older, less secure, versions of TLS than AOSP.
They upgraded the access points' firmware yesterday and today my Pixel connects to the network without any issues, and I didn't even have to download a new certificate profile! So it was truly on their side.
If anyone else suspects they might have a similar issue (it works everywhere else, except Pixels, and you are sure you configured it correctly and have the correct anonymous identity), let your uni's admins know!
Quoting a (translated) reply from the admins:
Good morning,
we're aware of the issue with Pixel brand phones, and it is caused by an outdated version of the TLS protocol used when connecting to the Eduroam network. We're currently working on updating the Wi-Fi network, and the initial rollout of the new protocol is planned for September 8th. Once the network is stable and Pixels can connect to the Eduroam network, we'll send you a confirmation email.
Best regards,
redacted
I think, judging by the reply, someone in the admin team (or close to them) has a Pixel and has the same issues!