towerc I don't have evidence of this.
However, google makes money from tracking users to deliver targeted ads with the secondary unintended effect of contributing to surveillance capitalism.
Location is the most important attribute of effective targeted ads.
If I were google, I would be estimating this to try to make guesses. If someone uses 1 hop for a VPN, has a cellular connection, would normally have a ping time of 90 and now has a ping time of 200, I would be estimating that person is X number of feet away.
If the person changed to another location, and I estimated again they were X feet away, now I have two pieces of information, X feet from data center 1 (data 1), X feet from data center 2 (data 2)
If there is any way to confirm that these two values are from the same user (like somehow through an advertsing programming kit embedded into the Viber App that google provided, for example), this gives me much more useful info.
Instead of guessing all the cities that are radius A from data center 1 or radius B from data center 2, I'd only need to look at overlapping areas of Radius A and Radius B. Mathematically, there would be only 2 intersections and if 1 isn't in a livable area (like it's an intersection in a Forrest that has no cell service), then I have a really good guess as to where you are.
Keep in mind I'm much, much less intelligent that the average google engineer.
The best way of looking at google and tracking, from what I've seen, is that if there is ANY mathematical possibility of correlating activity or proving anything, it will be done because it's so profitable to do it. And some of this math will not be evident to an average person and involves knowledge of advanced math, programming, and networking. I do not have evidence of this. To me it's common sense because of how profitable it is.
Because I don't have evidence of some of my examples, and can't remember every link, and don't want another warning of being banned or banning, I won't provide other examples or engage in more open discussions about these ideas so as to hopefully not be accused of promoting conspiracies and then banned, but if you are using closed-source Apps that have advertising toolkits built into them, and you have any sort of threat model, you are underestimating surveillance capitalism.