I read this article, https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2025/03/01/forget-chrome-google-apps-start-tracking-your-phone-no-opt-out/ , "Google Starts ‘Silently’ Tracking Your Phone—How To Stop It", and the link to the original study they refer to. Sorry, I'm a layman, I didn't understand well over 80% of what was being described, nor more importantly what the implications are. It seems to be saying that by having Google Play Services and Google Play Store installed, Google is able to very extensively track much of the activity on the device.
Well, on my GOS Pixel in a separate profile I have those two apps installed in the sandbox provided by Graphene's "App" store. I use that separate profile for the few Google Services dependent apps I sometimes need to use, otherwise that profile is turned off. I do not have a Google account, so I am not logged in to Google, do not have a Google ID.
As I wrote above, I read the study, and by the time I finished I was unable to tell myself what, if any impact it has on my situation. If anyone here is familiar with the results of that study and can summarize what it might mean for my kind of situation, I would be eternally grateful.