tetto I managed to have Intune with this steps.
When configuring the work profile via intune, after the profile is created you reach a step where you need to press next.
At this step, use adb to install all the apps you need, for example Outlook and Teams. Don't forget any, because after you press next you will not be able to install any other app (remember to install keyboard with your language for example).
After pressing next, you won't be able to update any app via the play store due to the work policy. I disabled the app to avoid having notifications of failed updates.
Have been using this for a week, both Outlook and Teams work. The big downside of this is that the apps will become outdated fast but I think I read somewhere that if the owner profile updates the app, then the other profiles also update it? Is that true?
Edit: forgot to mentioned that I did not disabled any exploit protection or activated any option. I also had the apps installed in the owner profile, so while installing via adb, I was installing from an already present app.