Murcielago
Does mobile data work normally?
-> Yes
Do you use a physical or an eSIM?
-> Physical
If physical SIM: Does the SIM work in another device?
-> Yes, it does
Have you tried another SIM/eSIM on this device?
-> Still the same issue.
Can SMS be sent and received?
-> Yes. SMS can be sent.
The screenshot you provided shows a VPN icon: Do you have firewall/VPN/network filtering active which might interfere?
-> I do. They cannot interfere with normal phone calls. Web browsing works.
What is your IMS registration status (phone app - type ##4636## than look for IMS> IMS registration)?
-> This is impossible, due to the fact that once I press dialer icon the "Call ended" with sound bip occurs.
I have probably messed up with permissions to other apps which deal with call initiation. :(