Standard Notes, maybe?
Jack2465 -encrypted data (e.g. with wrapping key from Strongbox)
With a passcode. See details here: https://standardnotes.com/help/79
Jack2465 -option to clear all data (overwrite not only delete)
SSDs don't work like that. Use Private Space or separate user profile. Delete the PS or profile if you want to make the data permanently inaccessible.
Jack2465 -installable and usable without an account on a device which was never online
Yes.