It seems that I did not make myself clear, sorry, I forgot to talk explicitly about airplane mode.
Prior to posting my question, I, of course, went to the Emergency SOS menu, and read everything in it.
As stated in the pop-up menu, non-emergency numbers won’t work when the phone is locked. As I understand it, this fact is closely related to the fact that an accepted emergency call attempt will bypass the airplane mode.
A previous case was discussed here regarding France: https://discuss.grapheneos.org/d/7719-emergency-numbers-do-not-work-in-france/14
So, the question is not what are the emergency numbers in Switzerland, but what are the emergency numbers recognised as such by the Swiss GSM networks, that is to say, which emergency numbers will bypass the airplane mode and then be accepted by the antennas. That should be the same answer for numbers that can be dialled without any SIM card in the phone.
I also noted that the first try (quickly pressing the power button at least five times) won’t go all the way of the process, and that I’ll need to do it again. I think that it has been discussed on the forum.
But I finally did the test. Both numbers (0800 117 117 and 112) will turn off airplane mode when the phone is locked – I did the test in AFU mode – and dial the number. I did not, however, wait enough time to hear someone, so I’m still not sure…