lubiepomidory Or does it depend on which location services you have turned on?
Your cell service provider of course will always, by necessity, know your phone's location.
It's not known that cell providers are currently directly providing location information to gov't, so the location information Penlink's Webloc is using very likely comes from user installed apps, bought from data brokers. Penlink also scrapes the web to augment this information.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-Link
It depends on the location service type and who you grant location access to.
with GNSS, in the US often called GPS, your device (e.g. phone or car dash mounted navigation device) is a passive receiver, so no way to track the receiver. Your phone still can pass GNSS location on to apps though!
AGNSS (assisted GNSS) augments GNSS with other radio sources and is NOT passive, so the radio source your phone/device communicates with can track the device if the device can be uniquely identified.
MAC spoofing, etc. attempt to mitigate this.
More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_GNSS
This paragraph from the article is key:
The material does not say how Penlink obtains the smartphone location data in the first place. But surveillance companies and data brokers broadly gather it in two different ways. The first is from small bundles of code included in ordinary apps called software development kits, or SDKs. SDK owners then pay the app developers, who might make things like weather or prayer apps, for their users’ location data. The second is through real-time bidding, or RTB. This is where companies in the online advertising industry place near instantaneous bids to get their advert in front of a certain demographic. A side effect is that companies can obtain data about peoples’ individual devices, including their GPS coordinates. Spy firms have sourced this sort of RTB information from hugely popular smartphone apps.