So I finally found a solution.
I used my laptop to create the account and everything went fine.
- I type my disposable email, receive the Google code and type it in.
- Google asks me to scan a QR code with my phone, which I do.
- From my phone which I used to scan the QR code, Google asks me to send an unedited SMS containing a code to a random number to verify my account, which I do and finally my account is created.
When I tried doing everything on my GrapheneOS phone, it simply wouldn't work. I was either stuck on that endless loading screen, or when I typed in my phone number instead of my email, Google asked me to type in a 6digit code which I never received...
Anyway I'm glad this is finally over. Once I created everything I could sign into my account on my phone without any issues.