Browsers are always a bit of a complicated question (at least in my mind) because each person has their own security paradigm and set of trade-offs.
If you're looking for a specific equivalent to Vanadium as a desktop browser, Trivalent would be it. However, they only officially have support for Secureblue Linux distribution (Trivalent is part of the same project), and that may or may not be a good fit for you.
That said, Brave is generally a good choice as a general purpose browser from a security and privacy standpoint.
Some folks don't like Brave due to some of Brave's company practices and/or politics of their founder, and they seem to prefer Firefox instead. However, Firefox along with the uBlock Origin plugin (esp. on Linux) does not hold up as well from a security perspective (their sandbox approach is lacking from my understanding). Mozilla also has its own critics as well, so it's really a mixed bag.
There are a handful of other open source projects that are floating out there that attempt to harden Chromium, but be careful because many of them are out of date, and running them would put you at risk.
Hope that helps :)