If multiple people in the same chat group (eg WhatsApp or Signal) used Google Play Services then it would only take a few messages to the group to correlate the users and assume they are in the same group. I'd be surprised if Google doesn't do this already.
You can avoid Google Play Services by using Molly instead of Signal. For WhatsApp, unless I'm mistaken it was previously possible to download the apk directly from their website that used their own WhatsApp push service, but it links to Google Play Store now.