My understanding is many Apps use webview to display parts of Apps, and the default Webview on Graphene OS is Vandium.
I am not an expert. This could all be wrong.
Vandium does not protect against Canvas Fingerprinting. So if the Banking App used Canvas Fingerprinting and got a specific unique value, and then Google Play got a unique specific value, and if those same values were sold to a data broker and matched, they woukd know you are the same person.
Graphene is a secure operating system but it is not inherently anonymous for Apps that use any KYC identity. So if you were to try to do something illegal in one Profile and something legal with KYC in another, they can probably figure out it's you.
Again this conception may be completely false. It would be interesting to know what Daniel or MatchBoxEnergy thinks about this.
A lot of times GOS developers have suggested that mitigating device fingerpritning is so impossible that it's almost pointless. I am also not sure if Vandium has implemented any blocking of Canvas fingerprinting. A problem with doing that it is could make other Apps not work as well since Canvas randomization is detectable.