DeletedUser433 while it does solve this particular bug
DeletedUser433 I got logged out of certain applications
Authentication tokens often have a time-based component. An incorrect system time could plausibly result in the tokens being seen as invalid.
DeletedUser433 My Windows software also detected my external HDD (which wasn't connected during live booting) as having defects
An incorrect system time could plausibly cause this too. As an overly simplistic example, what would the system do if a file's metadata said it was created in the future? There may also be lower-level disk management operations that use the time for various purposes.
DeletedUser433 there is still the risk of other bugs occurring
Well, that is always true, not only with Linux. It's unfortunate that you had a poor and probably scary first experience, but I think it has given you a false idea of the kinds of issues you're likely to encounter.
I dual-booted Windows and Linux for years, and other than the time thing, I never saw any issues that seemed related to using Linux.