I definitely regret mentioning GrapheneOS, but thought it would help them understand and be able to work with me. What it did instead was shut them down to the possibility of helping me. They wrote it off as something they don't support and that's that. Regardless, still trying to figure this out.
So what I mean by can't access Microsoft Apps is this: I downloaded the Outlook and Teams Apps. On the initial Microsoft sign-in page, I enter my university email address. That auto sends me to the university's login site. When I enter my credentials there (same as I do on my laptop), it automatically says login credentials are incorrect. There is no loading, no signs of the site actually processing my data, just immediately says email/password incorrect.
I then tried going to the web version of outlook to sign in and the same thing happens. So then I try to log in to my HR portal via mobile web just to see if I can successfully log in to any site that my University requires credentials for, and the same automatic error message appears. I did finally get IT to tell me that they have not seen any authentication attempts with my credentials on a non-windows device, despite me trying this for a better part of a month now. So this tells me that something on my phone is blocking authentication attempts to the University in some way... I've tried looking up the settings that would prevent communication but I'm still running up short on ideas. I've checked all of my browser settings and turned a whole bunch off to see if that was the issue, but regardless of what I try I'm unable to successfully get past the credentials stage, on either apps or via mobile web access.
It was actually really helpful to learn that the authentication attempts aren't even reaching the University's platform, so if you have ideas for other specific questions to ask IT that could help rule in/out what's happening I would really appreciate it. Or if you know of any settings on the phone that might be blocking these attempts, that would also be helpful. It might be important to note that I'm able to log in to all other websites, apps, or services that I've used on previous mobile devices, it's just the university ones I'm unable to access.
I'm less concerned with anonymity as long as I can get access to my accounts on mobile. I'm a lab safety professional and am regularly on call for lab incidents, so having access on my phone is crucial. For now, I'm using my old device for these notifications but obviously that's not ideal long-term.