ecs I'm using tailscale aswell, and using an exit-node in tailscale will work with tailscale and androids block connections withoutvpn.
Without exitnode i believe u aren't routing the traffic through tailscale (it's exit node), u just are connected to your tailnet but the traffic from your phone is still routed as it would be routed without tailscale (same ip), probably hence why it doesn't work with 'block connections without vpn', and does when routed through your exit node. Though i don't actually know if this is what happens on a deeper level, i thought it may be plausible.
U can also use a pihole in your tailnet and then point dns somewhere on your tailscale dashboard to the pihole its tailscale ip. Pihole does not specifically be your exit node, any exitnode will do.