WaterBottle25
Google can see what apps are associated with the account used to download them, and also can see notifications sent via that account to apps that use their notification service. ProtonMail uses google services for real time notifications. A burner Google account limits the data mosaic that can occur since it wouldn't be used for anything other than loading apps.
But no, Google could not read what is in your ProtonMail emails. They could see unencrypted metadata associated with the push notification services though. I will add, if you use Proton and email a nonProton user then the email could pass through Google servers which then they could read. Just an aside but I assume you already understood that.
If you run ProtonMail via the APK from their GitHub (without Play Services installed), you'll have to open the app to get new emails.
I haven't tried it via Aurora Store because I'm not a fan of the risk exposure from their anonymous account setup. But I had heard apps can work more normally if downloaded via Aurora and without any Google services installed.