Have been testing this a bit and feel like its a bug - not sure if its Graphene specific or within Android.
Here are some findings
I have VPN running on my primary profile with the android kill switch to not allow apps to work without VPN. If I am on wifi, then the secondary profile without VPN works perfectly fine. If i switch off wifi, I have no internet. The status bar does show 5G, but internet does not work.
If I change my VPN config to not enable android kill switch, just auto connect on - then i have internet on the secondary profile with both wifi and cell phone 5G service. Same if i turn off VPN on primary profile.
so basically the android kill switch on primary profile kills cell phone LTE / 5G connection on the secondary user profiles, but not wifi.
ideally I am guessing the kill switch on the primary profile should not care about blocking connections on the secondary profile.