Just a brief update, I tried a solution to a similar but directly unrelated problem someone was having with find my device posted several hours ago, and had some minor improvement to my issue, which leads me to believe it might be possible to workaround issues in Quickbooks.
So far, I've reinstalled Google Play Services and Quickbooks, and Google Maps. Afterwards I turned off "play services redirect to OS" and gave all the time location access to maps, QB, and play services.
The result: While I still cannot manually input trip addresses (after entering, it just shows a blank field) I no longer see any errors about play services being unsupported, and auto tracking stays turned on. I'll need to take a trip with it turned on to confirm whether or not new trips are actually logging correctly or not, but in part this seems to have dealt with a chunk of the issue.