other8026 I tried what was suggested by you and in the article. Same issue. But I think it's worth mentioning that even when I initially had this problem, my location services seemed to work. I could drop a pin (blindly, since the map was just a white void) and I would get the results I'd expect: familiar street names, local businesses, etc.
I figured I may have messed up some kind of settings being overzealous during my initial setup, and decided to factory reset. Graphene booted up, I went through the setup, installed google play services, F-Droid, Aurora Store, Transit and Google Maps (via Aurora Store). All is now working as expected so far.
While I've fixed the issue with a reset, I'm not sure what the cause was. But thank you for the suggestions and insight!